Clay Sparkman
The crucial thing that you must understand about any appraisal (or other real estate valuation instrument) is that it is only as good as its logic. So that—in other words—you must never accept an appraisal’s conclusion regarding value without looking beyond the surface to understand the logic that leads to the conclusion and without making some reasonable determination as to the quality of the logical argumentation.
With that in mind, I offer you ten critical steps to follow when reading/analyzing (and thus attempting to assess the “goodness” of) an appraisal.
(1) The very first thing you must ask as you analyze an appraisal is to what degree is the appraisal transparent? In other words, how much of the logic leading to the value conclusion is on display for you the reader? If the answer is none, the appraisal is useless. Throw it away. If the answer is some (in other words there are gaps in the logic) then you must either (a) once again, decide to toss the appraisal, (b) decide to accept some degree of uncertainty, (c) attempt to fill the gaps on your own, or (d) contact the appraiser and see if she can provide the missing logic. (Sometimes the appraiser will have the information you need on file, but they just didn’t include it in their final report.) Ideally the answer is none or very little, and the appraisal can be said to be highly transparent. At any rate, you will need to be asking this question throughout your analysis.
(2) The next thing you need to do is get a handle on what is being appraised. Is it a home, a commercial building, a parcel of land? What are the basic specifications? Where is it located? Is it urban or rural? How desirable is the surrounding area? Are there functional inadequacies? If it is land, what horizontal infrastructure is in place or lacking and what does the current zoning allow?
(3) I have never heard anyone else say this, but I stand by it (at least when valuing buildings and structures; for valuing land, not so much): one of the first things I do after getting a basic sense of the property is go straight to the photos. (And by the way, make sure you have an original appraisal or color copies. The photos can be quite useful, but not if they are blacked out by copying and faxing.) I study the photos of the subject property and then I compare them to the photos of each of the various comps. You will be surprised at how often you will begin to sniff some bad cheese at this point in the process (particularly when dealing with structures). What you are looking for here is: (a) whether or not the comps in the same general condition as the subject property, and (b) whether or not the comps are in the same general “class” as the subject property. By class I am referring to the level of quality and distinction of the property. If the answer to one or both of these is no, it is not necessarily game over, but you will now be looking even more closely at the adjustment matrix later on to see if the apparent differences are effectively accounted for to your satisfaction.
(4) Next, you will want to check the effective date of the value given. How current is the appraisal? In a steady up economy we used to be comfortable using appraisals that were as much as 1-2 years old. We would adjust the value to be in-line with changes in the market. With the chaos of the past (nearly) 3 years, this is much more difficult. Generally speaking (though this would depend to a certain extent on regional are) you would want your appraisal to be less than 6 months old.
(5) Check carefully to see if there are any “subject to” items associated with the value. Generally this will initially be indicated by checking a box that indicates the appraised value is subject to certain additions, improvements, or modifications as indicated later in the appraisal. This of course is a critical item, so make sure you have read through the entire body of the appraisal so as not to miss any such “subject to” items or conditions.
(6) Look to see if any extraordinary assumptions are made by the appraiser. Here again, you will be forced to read through the entire body of the appraisal to be sure. On more than a few occasions I have seen what looked to be a perfectly reasonable appraisal completely neutralized (or actually nullified) at the discovery of one or more extraordinary assumptions. The problem with most extraordinary assumptions is that they are indeed extraordinary. If I am evaluating a parcel of bare land zoned rural agricultural, and an extraordinary assumption in my appraisal states that “The zoning will be changed to allow multi-unit residential at 8 units per acre.” … well chances are, the gig is up. Even if some serious local zoning change is in the works, what is the chance that you can count on it to come through and turn this “straw” property into gold?
(7) Take an accounting of the methods utilized for valuing the subject property. In my opinion, a market sales comparison approach is ALWAYS essential and should be the primary method—and the one given most weight—in valuing a property. The only true value anything has in a market economy is the amount that others are willing to pay for it, and thus the attempt to estimate market value by looking at recent sales—though still at best a process of estimation—is the only method we have that goes to the heart of the matter. Beyond that, it would be nice to have a cost approach and an income approach (where relevant) but these are, in my opinion, at best a good way to cross-check the market value derived by the appraiser.
(8) Another thing you need to take a close look at is the aging of the comps. If all the comps were sold quite recently, then you are good in this department. But if one or more of the comps are more than 6 months old, this may be a problem. The next step would be to look at the comp matrix to see how much the appraiser adjusts the target value to factor comp aging. If one or more of the comps are listings … well then, these aren’t really comps at all. I have seen comp workups using nothing but listings. This is totally unacceptable. Anyone can list a property for any price they want. It would perhaps be reasonable to have 1-2 listings along with at least as many “true” comps, but even this is getting into squishy territory. So here again, you would have to look at how the appraiser adjusted the subject value based on the “listing” comps.
(9) You should spend the majority of your effort fussing over the comp matrix. This is the matrix which compares various characteristics of the subject property with various characteristics of the comps and makes specific adjustments for each of the comps to arrive at adjusted values for the comps (effectively attempting to monetarily “convert” each of the comps into the subject property). If you have: (a) many adjustments, (b) large adjustments (relative to the price of the property), and/or many seemingly subjective adjustments, then you may want to seriously question the integrity of the appraisal. You will want to walk through each and every adjustment, and here again, you must look for transparency. Does the appraiser explain the logic behind his adjustment decisions? If not, you have a transparency problem. At the end of the day, you must be comfortable with the adjustments and you must feel that they are objective, transparent, well thought out, and seemingly reasonable. If not, you must either (a) discard the appraisal, (b) contact the appraiser for further explanation, and/or (c) revise one or more adjustments and revise the final subject value accordingly.
(10) And finally you will want to be sure and take a look at other methods of valuation utilized (generally income and cost on commercial appraisals). And then you will want to determine how the appraiser has gone about reconciling the different values arrived at utilizing different methods. Sometimes a weighted value approach is used. If so, how much weight is being given to the comp value approach relative to other methods utilized. As you may have guessed by now, I generally like to see all or at least the vast majority of weight given to the comp analysis. If the appraisal doesn’t explain the reconciliation, you have a transparency problem. If the comp value approach is not given enough weight, you may want to fall back on the value arrived at by the comp value approach as your own final value.
And there you have it. There is a great deal more that can be said about reading an appraisal, and certainly this list of ten items is far from exhaustive, but it does give you a few things that you will not want to overlook. If anyone has their own favorite “crucial” steps we would love to hear about them. Please let us know and we wills share them with the group.
— Clay (clay@privatemoneysource.com, 503-476-2909 or 800-971-1858)
Clay is Vice President of Fairfield Financial, a primary source for private money loans since 1964. Fairfield works with a broad range of private money investors, in a broker capacity, finding, underwriting, presenting, closing, servicing, and when necessary, assisting in the workout of difficult loans.
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Very Interesting!
Thank You!